POTENTIATING ROLE OF PALM OIL AND ITS EXTRACTS IN CADMIUM INDUCED ALTERATION OF AMINO TRANSFERASE

Patrick Chukwuyenum Ichipi-Ifukor

Abstract


Aims: This study examined the effects of palm oil and palm oil extracts pre-treatment on the activities of serum and tissue amino transferases in acute cadmium induced toxicity.

Methodology: Six experimental groups was used and group A served as the control while group B was administered 20mg/Kg-1 body weight of cadmium chloride orally, groups C-F were administered 5mlKg-1 body weight of crude palm oil (CPO), silica gel extract (SGE), bleached extract (BE) and unsaponifiable extracts (UPE) of palm oil respectively for 28 days before administration of 20mg/Kg-1 body weightof cadmium chloride orally on the 29th day. Animals were sacrificed on the 29th, 30th and 31st days within intervals of 12, 24 and 48 hours post cadmium administration for tissue and serum enzyme assay and liver histological analysis.

Results: There was significant increase (p<0.05) in the activities of ALT and AST in the tissues (liver, kidney, heart and muscle) and serum of group B relative to group A, while the brain showed no relative significant (P>0.05) changes in group B relative to group A after 12, 24 and 48 hours. Although the activities of these enzymes also increased in groups C and D relative to group A, it reduced significantly relative to those administered Cadmium only (group B). There was no significant alteration in the liver membrane integrity in all groups and the pattern for increase in the activities of the amino transferases was Liver>Kidney>Muscle>Heart>Serum>Brain after 12, 24 and 48hours.


Full Text:

36-48;PDF

References


Ricard AC, Daniel C, Anderson P, Hontela A. Effects of subchronic exposure to cadmium chloride on endocrine and metabolic functions in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998; 34:377–381. doi: 10.1007/s002449900333.

Amutha C, Subramanian P. Cadmium alters the reproductive endocrine disruption and enhancement of growth in the early and adult stages of Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Physiol Biochem. 2013; 39:351–361. http://doi: 10.1007/s10695-012-9704-3

Ting Z, Yu Z, DeLiang LI, Tiao X, LI J. Exposure of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) to environmentally relevant levels of cadmium: hematology, muscle physiology, and implications for stock enhancement in the Xiangjiang River (Hunan, China) Sci China (Life Sci) 2013; 56:66–72. doi: 10.1007/s11427-012-4432-6.

Ezedom, T. and Asagba, S.O. Effect of a controlled food-chain mediated exposure to cadmium andarsenic on oxidative enzymes in the tissues of rats. Toxicology Reports, 2016; 3:708–715 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.07.002

Asagba, S.O. Alteration in the activity of oxidative enzymes in the tissues ofmale wistar albino rats exposed to cadmium? Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ.Health, 2010; 23(1) (2010) 55–62.

Merian, E. Metals and their compounds in the environment: occurrence, analysis and biological relevance. Weinheim, New York. 1991; Pp. 469-479.

North Carolina National Toxicology Program. Tenth Report on carcinogenesis.Department of Health and Human Health Services.Research Triangle Park Nc. 200; 111-42-111-44.

Domino, J.L. Metal induced developmental toxicity in mammal. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 1994; 42:123-141.

Lee WK, Abouhamed M, Thevenod F. Caspase dependant and independent pathways for cadmium induced apoptosis in cultured kidney proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol. 2006; 291:823–32.

Cottrell, R.C. Introduction: Nutritional aspects of palm oil. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991; 53(4):989S–1009.

Jianxun X, Zahir AS. Cadmium induced apoptosis in rat kidney epithelial cells involves decrease in nuclear factor- Kappa B activity. Toxicol Sci. 2006; 91:299–308.

Chew B.P. and Park, J.S. Carotenoid action on the immune response. J. Nutr.2004; 134:257–261.

Parker, L., Weber, S.U. and Rimbach, G. Molecular aspects of alphatocotrienol and antioxidant action and cell signaling. J. Nutr., 2001; 131(2):3695-3735.

Goh, S.H., Loh, T.P., Huang, J.M., Choo, Y.M. & Hew, N.F. Antioxidants in palm oil: their chemistry and some insights from feeding experiments on rabbits. In: Ong, A.S.H, Packer, L. eds. Biological oxidants and antioxidants: molecular mechanisms and health effects. Champaign, Ill, USA: American Oil Chemists Society, 201, pp274-83.

Parker L.Protective role of vitamin E in biological systems. Am .J. Clin.Nutr., 1991; 53:1050S-1050S.

Pratt, D.S and Kaplan, M.M. Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients. N Engl J Med., 2000; 342(17):1266-1271.

Ghouri, N., Preiss, D. and Sattar, N. Liver enzymes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and incident cardiovascular disease: a narrative review and clinical perspective of prospective data". Hepatology. 2010; 52(3): 1156 – 1161.

Goessling, W., Massaro, J.M., Vasan, R.S., D’Agostino, R.B., Ellison, R.C. and Fox, C.S. Aminotransferase levels and 20-year risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Gastroenterology, 2008; 135: 1935-1944

Schindhelm, R.K., Dekker, J.M., Nijpels, G., Stehouwer, C.D., Bouter, L.M., Heine, R.J. and Diamant, M. Alanine aminotransferase and the 6-year risk of the metabolic syndrome in Caucasian men and women: the Hoorn Study. Diabet. Med., 2007; 24: 430-435

Walker, N. and Lorimer, A.R Coronary heart disease: Epidemiology, pathology and diagnosis. In: Lindsay G, Gaw A, editors. Coronary Heart Disease Prevention. A Handbook for the Health Care Team. 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone 2004; Pp311-356

Sorbi, D., Boynton. J. and Lindon, K.D. The ratio of AST to ALT: Potential value in differentiating nonalcoholic hepatitis from alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol., 1999; 94:1018-1022.

Swapna, G., & Reddy, A. G. Effect of Cadmium on Organ Biomarkers and Evaluation of Certain Adaptogens in Broilers. Toxicol. Inter. 2011;18(1):47–49. http://doi.org/10.4103/0971-6580.75856

McGoldrick, T.A., Lock, E.A., Rodilla, V. and Hawksworth, G.M. Renal cysteine conjugate C-S lyase mediated toxicity of halogenated alkenes in primary cultures of human and rat proximal tubular cells. Arch. Toxicol. 2003; 77:365–370.

Mishra, M. and Acharya, U.R. Protective action of vitamins on the spermatogenesis in lead-treated Swiss mice. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2004; 18:173–178.

Nwokocha, C.R., Owu, D.U., Ufearo, C.S. and Iwuala, M.O. Comparative study on the efficacy of Garcinia kola in reducing some heavy metal accumulation in liver of Wistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 135:488–491.

Twumasi, P., Nsiah, K and Osei, E.Y., Treatment of lead-poisoned rats through oral administration of palm oil extracts. Afr. J. Biochem. Res. 2014; 8(2): 43-51

Ahmad, A.L., Chan, C.Y., Abd-Shukor, S.R. and Mashitah, M.D. Recovery of oil and carotenes from palm oil mill effluent (POME). Chem. Eng. J. 2008; 141: 383-386.

Patterson, H.W.B. Bleaching and Purifying Fats and Oils. Theory and Practice. AOCS Press, Kualar Lumpur. 1992; Pp. 45-65.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. Draft for public comment. US Department of Health and Human Services. Atlanta, US, 2008

Reitman, S. and S. Frankel, A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvate transminase. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 1957; 28:56-63.

Oduola, T., Adeniyi, F.A.A., Adenaike, F.A., Ogunyemi, E.O., Bello, I.S. and Idowu, T.O. Haematological response to intake of unripe Carica papaya aqueous extract. IJMR 2009; 1:20–25.

Asagba, S.O. Role of diet in absorption and toxicity of oral cadmium: A review of literature. Afr. J. Biotech. 2008: 8(25):7428-7436

Asagba, S.O. and Obi, F.O. A comparative evaluation of the biological effects of environmental cadmium contaminated control diet and laboratory cadmium supplemented test diets. Biometal, 2005; 18:155-161

Eriyamremu, G.E., Ojimogho, S.E., Asagba, S.O., and Osagie, V.E., Palm oil induced changes in ocular tissue lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and ATpases of rabbits in cadmium toxicity Food Chem. Toxicol., 2008; 46; 3155-3158

Tito A, Carola A, Bimonte M, Barbulova A, Arciello S, de Laurentiis F, et al. A tomato stem cell extract, containing antioxidant compounds and metal chelating factors, protects skin cells from heavy metal-induced damages. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2011;33:543–52.

Nwokocha CR, Owu DU, Nwokocha MI, Ufearo CS, Iwuala MO. Comparative study on the efficacy of Allium sativum (garlic) in reducing some heavy metal accumulation in liver of wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012; 50:222–6.

Fariss MW. Cadmium toxicity: Unique cytoprotective properties of alpha tocopheryl succinate in hepatocytes. Toxicology, 1991; 69:63–77.

Nordberg GF, Jin T, Wu X, Lu J, Chen L, Lei L, et al. Prevalence of kidney dysfunction in humans - relationship to cadmium dose, metallothionein, immunological and metabolic factors. Biochimie. 2009;91:1282–5

Chen F, Ding M, Castranova V, Shi X. Carcinogenic metals and NF-kappaB activation. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001;222:159–71

Bharavi, K., Reddy, A. G., Rao, G. S., Reddy, A. R., & Rao, S. V. R. Reversal of Cadmium-induced Oxidative Stress in Chicken by Herbal Adaptogens Withania Somnifera and Ocimum Sanctum. Toxicology International, 2010; 17(2):59–63. http://doi.org/10.4103/0971-6580.72671

Asagba, S.O and Eriyamremu G.E. Oral cadmium exposure alters haematological and liver function parameters of rats fed a Nigerian-like diet. J. Nutr. Environ Med., 2007; 16(1–3): 267–274.

Guilhermino, L., Soares, A.M.V.M., Carvalho, A.P. and Lopes, M.C. Effects of cadmium and parathion exposure on hematology and blood biochemistry of adult male rats. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998; 60:52–9.

Karl-Heinz, S. and Magnus, P. Cadmium and cadmium compounds.IARC Monogr.Eval.Carcinog. Risks Hum., 2009;58:119-237.

Angshuman, S., Geethanjali, R. and Vishnvardhan, K. A brief interview on the effect of cadmium toxicity from cellular to organ level. Inter .J. Bio-tech. Res.,2013; 3(1):17-36.

Anahat D., Randolph H.S. Liver Disease, in Anesthesia and Uncommon Diseases (Sixth Edition), Pp. 2012; 162–214 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-2787-6.00005-X

Aulbach, A.D and Amuzie, C.J. Biomarkers in Nonclinical Drug Development in A Comprehensive Guide to Toxicology in Nonclinical Drug Development (Second Edition) 2017; Pp447-471 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803620-4.00017-7

Okpoghono, J., Achuba, F.I and George, B.O. Protective effect of Monodora myristica extracts on crude petroleum oilcontaminated catfish (Clarias gariepinus) diet in rats International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine 2018; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.03.006

Wang, C. S., Chang, T.T., Yao, W.J., Wang, S.T. and Chou, P. Impact of increasing alanine aminotransferase levels within normal range on incident diabetes". J. Formosan. Med. Ass.2012;111(4): 201 – 208.

Giannini, E., Botta, F., Fasoli, A., Ceppa, P., Risso, D., Lantieri, P.B., Celle, G. and Testa R. Progressive liver functional impairment is associated with an increase in AST/ALT ratio. Dig Dis Sci., 1999; 44:1249-1253.

Dudley, R.E., Svoboda, D.J. and Klaassen, C.D. Acute exposure to cadmium causes severe liver injury in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 1982;65(2):302-313 https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(82)90013-8

El-Refaiy, A. I., and Eissa, F. I. Histopathology and cytotoxicity as biomarkers in treated rats with cadmium and some therapeutic agents. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2013; 20(3):265–280.

Abdullah G. Alkushi, Mustafa M. Sinna, Mohammed EL-Hady and Naser A. ElSawy, Structural Changes in Adult Rat Liver Following Cadmium Treatment. Pak. J. Nutri.,, 2018; 17: 89-101. DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2018.89.101

Zhang C, Tian X, Zhang K, Li GY, Wang HY, Wang JH. Protective effects of Foeniculum vulgare root bark extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2017;23:5722–31.

Johnson, W & Slaga, TJ. Final report on the safety assessment of Elaeis Guineensis (Palm) Oil, Elaeis Guineensis (Palm) Kernel Oil, hydrogenated Palm Oil and hydrogenated Palm Kernel Oil. Intl. J.Toxicol., 2000; 19:7-28.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.